AppThere

An Architectural Analysis of the Sylius API and a Strategic Blueprint for a Rust-Based E-commerce MVP

I. Introduction

Sylius is an open-source, headless e-commerce platform built upon the Symfony framework, recognized for its developer-centric design and extensive customizability.1 It caters to mid-market and enterprise businesses requiring bespoke solutions, offering a modular architecture that allows for tailored shopping experiences across B2C and B2B models.1 The platform’s API-first philosophy ensures that all functionalities are accessible via well-defined API endpoints, promoting flexibility and seamless integration with diverse frontend technologies and microservices.1 This report provides an in-depth analysis of the Sylius API, including its exposed functionalities, testing methodologies, and data handling. Furthermore, it explores the feasibility and outlines a strategic approach for developing a Minimum Viable Product (MVP) version of a Sylius-like API and its corresponding test suite using the Rust programming language. The analysis will also address potential compatibility challenges and performance implications when transitioning from PHP to Rust, and recommend existing Rust crates for implementation.

The investigation into porting Sylius API functionalities to Rust is driven by Rust’s growing reputation for performance, memory safety, and concurrency, which are highly desirable attributes for modern e-commerce backends.4 The inherent complexities of e-commerce systems, encompassing product catalogs, inventory management, order processing, payments, and customer interactions, demand robust and scalable backend solutions. Sylius, with its comprehensive feature set and reliance on the mature Symfony ecosystem, provides a rich case study for such an exploration. The transition to Rust, however, introduces considerations regarding language paradigms, ecosystem differences, and the development effort required to replicate Sylius’s extensive capabilities. This report aims to furnish a clear understanding of Sylius’s current API architecture and a pragmatic roadmap for leveraging Rust’s strengths in creating a foundational e-commerce API.

II. Sylius API: Functionality and Architecture

The Sylius API is a cornerstone of its headless e-commerce capabilities, built with an API-first approach using API Platform and leveraging the Symfony framework.1 This design ensures that all core e-commerce functionalities are programmatically accessible, facilitating integration with various frontend solutions (PWAs, SPAs, native mobile apps) and other backend microservices.1 The API is divided into shop and admin contexts, allowing for distinct operations and access controls for customer-facing and administrative tasks.7

A. Core E-commerce Resources and Operations

Sylius manages a wide array of e-commerce resources through its API, employing a consistent “Resource Layer” abstraction built on top of Doctrine.10 This layer treats every model in the application as a “resource” (e.g., product, order, customer) and provides a standardized set of services for managing them.10

Key Resources Managed:

The Sylius API exposes numerous core e-commerce entities. While the documentation explicitly lists resources like Products, Orders, Tax Categories, Promotions, Users (Customers), and Shipping Methods 10, the “resource” concept extends to virtually every model within the application. This implies that other fundamental e-commerce entities such as SKUs (Product Variants), Categories (Taxons), Addresses, Carts (which are Orders in a ‘cart’ state), Payments, Shipments, and Inventory are also managed under this paradigm.

Common Operations (CRUD & State Transitions):

For each resource, Sylius’s Resource Layer typically provides four key services: Factory (for creating new instances), Manager (for persistence), Repository (for retrieval), and Controller (for handling CRUD operations).10 The API controllers expose these operations as HTTP endpoints:

These operations are format-agnostic, capable of serving HTML, JSON, or XML.10

State Machine Transitions: Sylius extensively uses state machines to manage the lifecycle of resources like Orders, Payments, and Shipments.21

API operations for these transitions are often implemented as specific PATCH requests to custom endpoints or by sending specific data in a PATCH request to the resource itself, which then triggers the state machine. For example, completing an order involves a PATCH request to /api/v2/shop/orders/{cartToken}/complete.16 The sylius.order_processing.order_processor service handles order updates, and state machine factories (sm.factory) are used to get and apply transitions programmatically.21 The API can be configured to allow modifications to orders outside the default ‘cart’ state by adjusting parameters like sylius.api.doctrine_extension.order_shop_user_item.filter_cart.allowed_non_get_operations.22 While the API documentation 11 was inaccessible for direct confirmation of all specific state transition endpoints, the general Sylius architecture points to these mechanisms.

The resource-centric design and the use of state machines provide a structured and extensible way to manage complex e-commerce workflows. The clear separation of concerns between components and bundles, built upon Symfony, allows developers to customize or replace parts of the system without disrupting others, a critical aspect for bespoke e-commerce solutions.7

B. Authentication and Authorization Mechanisms

Sylius API employs robust mechanisms for authentication and authorization to secure its endpoints and control access to resources.

The combination of JWT for authentication and configurable role-based permissions via API Platform and Sylius-specific modules ensures that API access is secure and adheres to the principle of least privilege.

C. API Data Formats, Versioning, and Customization

Sylius API adheres to modern standards for data interchange and provides mechanisms for versioning and customization.

This flexible architecture allows developers to tailor the API precisely to their business needs, integrate custom logic, and manage data exposure effectively.

D. Advanced API Features: Filtering, Sorting, and Pagination

The Sylius API, through its integration with API Platform and the Sylius ResourceBundle, provides robust support for common advanced features like filtering, sorting, and pagination for resource collections. These features are crucial for efficiently managing and consuming large datasets.

The combination of these features ensures that API consumers can retrieve precisely the data they need in a manageable and efficient way. The underlying Sylius ResourceBundle and API Platform handle much of the complexity, allowing developers to configure these behaviors declaratively. While specific query parameter names for API v2 filtering and sorting were not exhaustively detailed in the provided snippets for all resources, the patterns from API Platform and Sylius ResourceBundle 38 indicate their general availability and usage. The changelog for Sylius 2.0 also mentions fixes and improvements related to pagination and UI elements for these features.40

III. Sylius API Test Suite

Sylius places a strong emphasis on software quality and employs a comprehensive testing strategy that includes unit, integration, functional, and end-to-end tests.1 This rigorous approach ensures the reliability and stability of the platform. The primary tools used are PHPUnit, PHPSpec, and Behat, each serving distinct purposes within the testing hierarchy.41

A. Testing Strategies: BDD and TDD

Sylius has historically embraced both Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) and Test-Driven Development (TDD) methodologies.1

This blended approach, historically leveraging BDD for acceptance tests and a mix of BDD-style unit testing (PHPSpec) and traditional unit/integration testing (PHPUnit), has allowed Sylius to maintain high code quality. The recent consolidation towards PHPUnit for unit tests streamlines this further.

B. Types of Tests in Sylius

Sylius’s test suite is comprehensive, covering different levels of the application:

This multi-layered testing strategy ensures that bugs are caught at different stages and that the application as a whole behaves as expected. The emphasis on automated tests, integrated into CI/CD processes, is a best practice followed by Sylius.41

C. API Testing: Tools and Examples

Sylius employs specific strategies and tools for testing its API, primarily using Behat for acceptance-level API testing and PHPUnit with WebTestCase for functional API testing.

    Feature: Managing Products API  
      Background:  
        Given the store has default configuration  
        And I am logged in as administrator  
        And there is a product named "Awesome T-Shirt" with code "TSHIRT_AWESOME"

      Scenario: Get a list of products  
        When I make a "GET" request to "/api/v2/admin/products"  
        Then the response code should be 200  
        And the response should be JSON  
        And the response data should contain an item with "code" equal to "TSHIRT_AWESOME"

      Scenario: Create a new product  
        When I make a "POST" request to "/api/v2/admin/products" with the following payload:  
        """  
        {  
          "code": "NEW_PRODUCT",  
          "translations": { "en_US": { "name": "New Amazing Product", "slug": "new-amazing-product" } },  
          "channels":  
        }  
        """  
        Then the response code should be 201  
        And the response should be JSON  
        And the product "New Amazing Product" should exist

Sylius’s testing culture, which includes a strong emphasis on API testing through both BDD (Behat) and functional tests (PHPUnit), ensures that the API remains robust, reliable, and adheres to its contracts. The transition towards PHPUnit for all unit tests further streamlines the tooling while maintaining comprehensive coverage.43

IV. Data Types Processed by Sylius API

The Sylius API primarily processes and exchanges data using JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). Specifically, with its integration of API Platform, the default format is JSON-LD (JSON for Linked Data).29 This choice reflects a modern approach to API design, aiming for machine-readable semantics and interoperability.

A. Primary Data Format: JSON and JSON-LD

B. Representation of Core E-commerce Entities

The JSON (and JSON-LD) structures for core e-commerce entities typically include the following types of fields:

The exact fields and their nesting depend on the specific API endpoint (shop vs. admin), the operation (read, create, update), and the configured serialization groups.13 These serialization groups allow fine-grained control over what data is exposed, preventing over-fetching and ensuring sensitive data is not inadvertently leaked. The transition from PHP objects and Doctrine entities to these JSON representations is handled by the Symfony Serializer component, configured by API Platform and Sylius.

V. Minimum Viable Product (MVP) for Porting to Rust

Defining a Minimum Viable Product (MVP) for porting Sylius API functionality to Rust requires a strategic selection of core features that demonstrate the viability of Rust for an e-commerce backend, while keeping the initial development scope manageable. The MVP should focus on the essential customer-facing workflow: browsing products, adding to a cart, and a simplified checkout.

A. Defining the MVP API Functionality

The MVP API should replicate a subset of Sylius’s shop API context, enabling a basic shopping experience.

  1. Product Catalog (Read-Only):
    • List Products: Allow clients to retrieve a paginated list of available products.
      • Sylius Equivalent: GET /api/v2/shop/products.11
      • MVP Rust Endpoint: GET /shop/products (supports basic pagination).
    • View Product Details: Allow clients to retrieve details for a single product by its slug or code.
      • Sylius Equivalent: GET /api/v2/shop/products/{code} or GET /api/v2/shop/products-by-slug/{slug}.11
      • MVP Rust Endpoint: GET /shop/products/{code_or_slug}.
    • List Taxons (Categories): Allow clients to retrieve a list of product categories.
      • Sylius Equivalent: GET /api/v2/shop/taxons.
      • MVP Rust Endpoint: GET /shop/taxons.
    • View Taxon Details (and its Products): Allow clients to retrieve details for a single category and a list of products belonging to it.
      • Sylius Equivalent: GET /api/v2/shop/taxons/{code} (products often linked or filterable).
      • MVP Rust Endpoint: GET /shop/taxons/{code} (includes list of product IRIs/basic info).
  2. Cart Management:
    • Create Cart (Order in ‘cart’ state): Allow clients (guests or logged-in users) to create a new shopping cart.
      • Sylius Equivalent: POST /api/v2/shop/orders (returns cart tokenValue).16
      • MVP Rust Endpoint: POST /shop/carts (returns a cart ID/token).
    • View Cart: Allow clients to retrieve the contents of their current cart.
      • Sylius Equivalent: GET /api/v2/shop/orders/{cartToken}.16
      • MVP Rust Endpoint: GET /shop/carts/{cart_id}.
    • Add Item to Cart: Allow clients to add a product variant to their cart.
      • Sylius Equivalent: PATCH /api/v2/shop/orders/{cartToken}/items (with productVariant IRI and quantity).16
      • MVP Rust Endpoint: POST /shop/carts/{cart_id}/items (with product_variant_code and quantity).
    • Update Item Quantity in Cart: Allow clients to change the quantity of an item in their cart.
      • Sylius Equivalent: PATCH /api/v2/shop/orders/{cartToken}/items/{itemId}.16
      • MVP Rust Endpoint: PATCH /shop/carts/{cart_id}/items/{item_id}.
    • Remove Item from Cart: Allow clients to remove an item from their cart.
      • Sylius Equivalent: DELETE /api/v2/shop/orders/{cartToken}/items/{itemId}.
      • MVP Rust Endpoint: DELETE /shop/carts/{cart_id}/items/{item_id}.
  3. Basic Order Placement (Simplified Checkout):
    • Add Address to Cart: Allow clients to add billing and shipping addresses to their cart.
      • Sylius Equivalent: PATCH /api/v2/shop/orders/{cartToken}/address.16
      • MVP Rust Endpoint: PUT /shop/carts/{cart_id}/address.
    • Select Shipping Method (Simplified): For MVP, this might be a mock selection or a default.
      • Sylius Equivalent: PATCH /api/v2/shop/orders/{cartToken}/shipments/{shipmentId} with shippingMethod IRI.16
      • MVP Rust Endpoint: PUT /shop/carts/{cart_id}/shipping-method (accepting a predefined shipping method code).
    • Select Payment Method (Simplified): For MVP, this might be a mock selection or a default.
      • Sylius Equivalent: PATCH /api/v2/shop/orders/{cartToken}/payments/{paymentId} with paymentMethod IRI.16
      • MVP Rust Endpoint: PUT /shop/carts/{cart_id}/payment-method (accepting a predefined payment method code).
    • Complete Order: Transition the cart to an order.
      • Sylius Equivalent: PATCH /api/v2/shop/orders/{cartToken}/complete.16
      • MVP Rust Endpoint: POST /shop/orders (from cart ID, transitioning it to an order).
  4. Basic Customer Authentication:
    • Register Customer: Allow new users to register.
      • Sylius Equivalent: POST /api/v2/shop/customers.16
      • MVP Rust Endpoint: POST /shop/customers.
    • Login Customer: Allow registered users to log in and receive an authentication token (e.g., JWT).
      • Sylius Equivalent: POST /api/v2/shop/customers/token.16
      • MVP Rust Endpoint: POST /shop/customers/token.

This scope deliberately omits complex features like admin panel APIs, promotions, detailed inventory management beyond basic availability, multi-channel/currency/locale complexities (assuming a single default for MVP), and intricate tax calculations. These are substantial undertakings that can be layered on top of a functional MVP.

The choice of Rust data structures (structs, enums) and their fields will directly influence database schema design and API request/response DTOs. This contrasts with PHP’s dynamic objects and Doctrine’s heavy lifting in mapping; Rust requires more explicit definitions from the outset.

B. Defining the MVP Test Suite Functionality

The MVP test suite should ensure the core functionality of the API MVP is working correctly. It will initially focus more on integration/API level tests rather than exhaustive unit tests for every minor component, as the primary goal is to validate end-to-end API flows. This pragmatic approach prioritizes verifying that API endpoints behave as expected in terms of request handling, response structure, and basic business logic execution.

  1. Unit Tests (using Rust’s built-in test framework):

    • Test critical business logic functions in isolation (e.g., price calculation if simplified, basic validation logic).
    • Keep these focused on pure logic, mocking external dependencies like database access where feasible for unit tests.
    • Example:
      // In a cart logic module  
#[test]  
fn test_add_item_to_cart_logic() {  
    // let mut cart = Cart::new();  
    // let product_variant = ProductVariant {... };  
    // cart.add_item(product_variant, 2);  
    // assert_eq!(cart.items.len(), 1);  
    // assert_eq!(cart.items.quantity, 2);  
}

  2. Integration/API Tests (using the chosen web framework’s test utilities or a crate like reqwest):

    • Test each MVP API endpoint for:
      • Correct request handling (valid and invalid inputs).
      • Expected HTTP response codes (200, 201, 400, 404, etc.).
      • Basic response structure and key data fields.
      • Correct state changes where applicable (e.g., cart to order).
    • Authentication Tests:
      • Test customer registration and login.
      • Test that protected endpoints require a valid token.
      • Test that invalid/expired tokens are rejected.
    • Product Catalog Tests:
      • Test listing products (with pagination if implemented).
      • Test retrieving a single product.
    • Cart Workflow Tests:
      • Test creating a new cart.
      • Test adding various items, updating quantities, removing items.
      • Test retrieving cart contents and totals.
    • Order Placement Tests:
      • Test the simplified checkout flow: adding address, mock shipping/payment, completing the order.
      • Verify order state changes.
    • Database Interaction: Tests requiring database interaction will need a strategy for test database setup/teardown (e.g., using a separate test database, transactions that are rolled back, or a crate like sqlx-db-tester).
    • Example API Test Structure (conceptual, using tokio::test and a hypothetical test client):
     #[tokio::test]  
     async fn test_full_guest_checkout_flow() {  
         // let test_app = spawn_app().await; // Helper to start the API server  
         // let client = reqwest::Client::new();

         // 1. List products  
         // let products_res = client.get(&format!("{}/shop/products", &test_app.address)).send().await.unwrap();  
         // assert_eq!(products_res.status().as_u16(), 200);  
         // let products_body = products_res.json::<Value>().await.unwrap();  
         // let product_variant_code = products_body["variants"]["code"].as_str().unwrap();

         // 2. Create a cart  
         // let create_cart_res = client.post(&format!("{}/shop/carts", &test_app.address)).send().await.unwrap();  
         // assert_eq!(create_cart_res.status().as_u16(), 201);  
         // let cart_body = create_cart_res.json::<Value>().await.unwrap();  
         // let cart_id = cart_body["id"].as_str().unwrap();

         // 3. Add item to cart  
         // let add_item_payload = json!({"product_variant_code": product_variant_code, "quantity": 1});  
         // let add_item_res = client.post(&format!("{}/shop/carts/{}/items", &test_app.address, cart_id))  
         //.json(&add_item_payload)  
         //.send().await.unwrap();  
         // assert_eq!(add_item_res.status().as_u16(), 200);

         //... (continue with adding address, mock shipping/payment, complete order)...

         // 4. Complete order  
         // let complete_order_res = client.post(&format!("{}/shop/orders", &test_app.address))  
         //.json(&json!({"cart_id": cart_id}))  
         //.send().await.unwrap();  
         // assert_eq!(complete_order_res.status().as_u16(), 201); // Or 200 if updating existing cart to order  
         // let order_body = complete_order_res.json::<Value>().await.unwrap();  
         // assert_eq!(order_body["checkout_state"].as_str().unwrap(), "completed");  
     }

This focused test suite ensures the MVP is functional and provides a solid foundation for future expansion, mirroring the necessity for functional API tests like those found in Sylius’s WebTestCase and Behat API suites.41

C. Key Data Structures for MVP in Rust

The following Rust structs (using Serde for (de)serialization) would represent the core entities for the MVP. Fields are simplified for brevity.

use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};  
use uuid::Uuid;  
// chrono for timestamps if needed

#  
struct Product {  
    id: Uuid,  
    code: String,  
    name: String,  
    slug: String,  
    description: Option<String>,
    variants: Vec<ProductVariant>,  
    // Simplified: no complex options, attributes, associations for MVP  
}

#  
struct ProductVariant {  
    id: Uuid,  
    code: String, // SKU  
    name: Option<String>, // e.g., "Small", "Red"  
    price: i64, // In smallest currency unit (e.g., cents)  
    on_hand: i32, // Simplified inventory  
    tracked: bool,  
}

#  
struct Taxon { // Category  
    id: Uuid,  
    code: String,  
    name: String,  
    slug: String,  
    description: Option<String>,
    parent_code: Option<String>, // Simplified hierarchy  
}

#  
struct Customer {  
    id: Uuid,  
    email: String,  
    first_name: Option<String>,  
    last_name: Option<String>,  
    #[serde(skip_serializing)] // Password hash should not be sent out  
    password_hash: String,  
}

# // Clone for billing/shipping same  
struct Address {  
    street: String,  
    city: String,  
    postcode: String,  
    country_code: String, // e.g., "US"  
}

#  
struct Cart { // Represents an Order in 'cart' state  
    id: Uuid, // Or a temporary token string  
    customer_id: Option<Uuid>,  
    items: Vec<CartItem>,  
    total: i64,  
    currency_code: String, // Default to one for MVP  
    billing_address: Option<Address>,  
    shipping_address: Option<Address>,  
    shipping_method_code: Option<String>, // Simplified  
    payment_method_code: Option<String>,  // Simplified  
    checkout_state: String, // e.g., "cart", "addressed", "shipping_selected",...  
}

#  
struct CartItem {  
    id: Uuid,  
    product_variant_code: String,  
    product_name: String, // Denormalized for display  
    quantity: u32,  
    unit_price: i64,  
    total: i64,  
}

#  
struct Order { // Represents a completed order  
    id: Uuid,  
    customer_id: Option<Uuid>,  
    items: Vec<OrderItem>, // Similar to CartItem, or a distinct OrderItem struct  
    total: i64,  
    currency_code: String,  
    billing_address: Address,  
    shipping_address: Address,  
    shipping_method_code: String,  
    payment_method_code: String,  
    order_state: String, // e.g., "new", "processing", "shipped", "completed", "cancelled"  
    payment_state: String, // e.g., "awaiting_payment", "paid", "failed"  
    shipping_state: String, // e.g., "ready", "shipped"  
    created_at: String, // ISO 8601 timestamp  
}

#  
struct OrderItem {  
    id: Uuid,  
    product_variant_code: String,  
    product_name: String,  
    quantity: u32,  
    unit_price: i64,  
    total: i64,  
}

// Request/Response DTOs for auth  
#  
struct RegisterCustomerRequest {  
    email: String,  
    password: String,  
    first_name: Option<String>,  
    last_name: Option<String>,  
}

#  
struct LoginRequest {  
    email: String,  
    password: String,  
}

#  
struct AuthResponse {  
    token: String,  
    customer_id: Uuid,  
}

These structures provide a starting point. Relationships would be handled either by embedding simplified versions of related structs or by using IDs/codes for linking, which the service layer would resolve. The MVP definition implicitly defers many complex Sylius features like advanced promotions, multi-source inventory 14, detailed tax rules, and the full admin panel API, each representing significant development effort if added later.

The following table maps the proposed MVP features to their Sylius counterparts and outlines key considerations for the Rust implementation:

Table 1: MVP Feature Mapping: Sylius to Rust

Sylius API Feature/User StoryCorresponding Rust MVP API Endpoint(s) & HTTP Method(s)Key Request/Response Data (Simplified for MVP)PriorityNotes/Simplifications for MVP
As a guest, I can view a list of products.GET /shop/productsResponse: Vec (code, name, slug, price from default variant)HighBasic pagination. No complex filtering/sorting.
As a guest, I can view product details.GET /shop/products/{code_or_slug}Response: Product (details, variants with price/availability)High
As a guest, I can view a list of categories (taxons).GET /shop/taxonsResponse: Vec (code, name, slug)High
As a guest, I can view products within a category.GET /shop/taxons/{code}Response: Taxon with Vec (basic info)High
As a guest/user, I can create a new shopping cart.POST /shop/cartsResponse: Cart (cart_id/token, empty items)High
As a guest/user, I can add a product to my cart.POST /shop/carts/{cart_id}/itemsRequest: { product_variant_code: String, quantity: u32 }. Response: Updated Cart.High
As a guest/user, I can view my cart.GET /shop/carts/{cart_id}Response: Cart (items, totals)High
As a guest/user, I can update an item’s quantity in my cart.PATCH /shop/carts/{cart_id}/items/{item_id}Request: { quantity: u32 }. Response: Updated Cart.High
As a guest/user, I can remove an item from my cart.DELETE /shop/carts/{cart_id}/items/{item_id}Response: Updated Cart or 204 No Content.High
As a guest/user, I can add shipping/billing addresses to my cart.PUT /shop/carts/{cart_id}/addressRequest: { billing_address: Address, shipping_address: Option }. Response: Updated Cart.High
As a guest/user, I can select a (mock) shipping method.PUT /shop/carts/{cart_id}/shipping-methodRequest: { shipping_method_code: String }. Response: Updated Cart.MediumPredefined list of methods. No real-time calculation.
As a guest/user, I can select a (mock) payment method.PUT /shop/carts/{cart_id}/payment-methodRequest: { payment_method_code: String }. Response: Updated Cart.MediumPredefined list of methods. No actual payment processing.
As a guest/user, I can complete my order.POST /shop/orders (from cart_id)Request: { cart_id: Uuid }. Response: Order (finalized state).HighTransitions cart to order. No actual payment capture.
As a new user, I can register.POST /shop/customersRequest: RegisterCustomerRequest. Response: Customer (excluding password hash).High
As a registered user, I can log in.POST /shop/customers/tokenRequest: LoginRequest. Response: AuthResponse (JWT token).High

This MVP provides a tangible target for the initial Rust port, focusing on core e-commerce workflows while deferring more advanced Sylius functionalities.

VI. Implementing the Sylius-like API MVP in Rust

Developing the MVP of a Sylius-like API in Rust involves selecting appropriate web frameworks and libraries, designing the API structure, and implementing core functionalities such as data handling and authentication. The Rust ecosystem offers mature tools well-suited for building high-performance, reliable web services.48

Several web frameworks in Rust are capable of delivering the performance and features needed for an e-commerce API.

Recommendation for MVP: Axum paired with Tokio.

Axum’s strong integration with the broader Tokio and Tower ecosystems, its focus on type safety and modularity without imposing an actor model upfront, and its growing community make it a compelling choice for the MVP. This combination offers excellent performance and a clear path for scaling complexity as the application grows.

B. Essential Rust Crates for Core Functionality

Beyond the web framework, several other crates are indispensable for building the API MVP:

The choice of sqlx for the MVP database layer is influenced by the desire for a more lightweight, async-first approach compared to a full ORM like Diesel, especially when the goal is not to replicate Doctrine’s complex entity management but to provide efficient data access for the API.

C. Designing API Endpoints and Request/Response Handling in Rust

Using Axum, API endpoints are defined by associating routes with asynchronous handler functions.

  use axum::{routing::{get, post}, Router, State};  
  //... other necessary imports for handlers, DTOs, AppState...

  async fn list_products(State(app_state): State<AppState>) -> impl IntoResponse { /*... */ }  
  async fn create_cart(State(app_state): State<AppState>) -> impl IntoResponse { /*... */ }  
  //... other handlers...

  // In main function or app setup  
  // let db_pool = /*... initialize sqlx pool... */;  
  // let app_state = AppState { db_pool };  
  // let app = Router::new()  
  //    .route("/shop/products", get(list_products))  
  //    .route("/shop/carts", post(create_cart))  
  //     //... more routes for MVP...  
  //    .with_state(app_state);

  use axum::{extract::Path, Json, http::StatusCode};  
  use serde::Serialize; // For response DTO

  #  
  struct ProductResponse { id: String, name: String } // Simplified

  async fn get_product_details(  
      Path(product_code): Path<String>,  
      State(app_state): State<AppState> // Assuming AppState holds db connection  
  ) -> Result<Json<ProductResponse>, StatusCode> {  
      // Fetch product from app_state.db_pool using product_code  
      // If found, return Ok(Json(product_response))  
      // If not found, return Err(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND)  
      // If other error, return Err(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)  
      unimplemente!()  
  }

D. Data Serialization and Deserialization (Serde)

serde is the standard for this in Rust.54

E. Implementing Authentication and Authorization

A JWT-based authentication system will be implemented for the MVP.

The following table summarizes the recommended Rust crates for the API MVP:

Table 2: Recommended Rust Crates for API MVP

Crate CategoryRecommended Crate(s)Brief Justification/Relevance for MVP
Web FrameworkaxumModern, modular, Tokio-native, good ergonomics, strong Tower ecosystem integration.48
Async RuntimetokioDe-facto standard, high performance, provides core async utilities.52 Axum is built on it.
Database InteractionsqlxAsync, type-safe SQL via macros, supports PostgreSQL/MySQL, less boilerplate than full ORMs for direct control.51
Serializationserde, serde_jsonUbiquitous for efficient JSON (de)serialization in Rust.54
Authentication (JWT)jsonwebtokenFor creating, signing, and verifying JWTs.
Error Handlingthiserror, anyhowthiserror for custom library errors, anyhow for application-level error convenience.
UUID GenerationuuidStandard for generating UUIDs.
ConfigurationconfigFlexible application configuration management.
Logging/Tracingtracing, tracing-subscriberStructured, asynchronous logging and application tracing.
Password Hashingargon2 (or bcrypt)Secure password hashing algorithms.
HTTP Client (for tests)reqwestErgonomic, async HTTP client, useful for integration testing API endpoints if not using the framework’s built-in test client.

This selection of frameworks and crates provides a robust and performant foundation for building the Sylius-like API MVP in Rust, balancing developer experience with the raw capabilities of the language.

VII. Bridging PHP and Rust: Compatibility and Migration Considerations

Transitioning functionalities from a PHP-based platform like Sylius to a Rust-based framework involves navigating significant differences between the two languages and their ecosystems. Understanding these disparities is crucial for planning a successful port or interoperability strategy.

A. Fundamental Language Differences

The core distinctions between PHP and Rust have profound implications for API development:

These fundamental differences mean that porting Sylius API logic to Rust is not merely a syntactic translation but a re-architecting process that must embrace Rust’s idioms to fully leverage its benefits.

B. Potential Compatibility Issues

Several compatibility challenges can arise when switching from a PHP/Sylius environment to Rust or when attempting to make them interoperate:

C. Performance Implications and Benchmarking Considerations

One of the primary motivations for considering Rust is its potential for superior performance and resource efficiency compared to PHP.

While Rust offers a strong potential for performance improvement, this must be validated through careful implementation and empirical measurement. The initial development velocity for an MVP in Rust might be slower than in PHP, especially if the team is new to Rust, due to its steeper learning curve and stricter compiler. The performance benefits are typically realized once the system is operational and has undergone some optimization.

D. Strategies for Interoperability or Phased Transition

If a complete, immediate switch from Sylius to a Rust-based framework is not feasible or desired, several strategies can facilitate interoperability or a phased transition:

A phased transition, often employing an API gateway and the Strangler Fig pattern, is generally the most pragmatic approach for migrating a complex system like Sylius, as it allows for incremental development, testing, and risk mitigation. The choice of strategy depends on the specific business goals, technical constraints, and the desired end-state architecture. The fundamental differences between PHP and Rust necessitate a thoughtful approach to ensure that the port leverages Rust’s strengths effectively rather than simply replicating PHP patterns in a new language.

The following table provides a comparative analysis of PHP (in the context of Sylius) and Rust for API development, highlighting key implications for porting:

Table 3: PHP (Sylius) vs. Rust: Comparative Analysis for API Development

AspectPHP (Sylius Context)RustKey Implications for Porting
Typing SystemDynamicStatic, strong, inferredRust requires explicit data structure definitions upfront; more compile-time safety but potentially slower initial development if unfamiliar. Fewer runtime type errors.
Memory ManagementGarbage Collection (GC)Ownership, Borrowing, Lifetimes (no GC) 4Rust offers predictable performance and lower memory overhead, eliminating GC pauses. Requires mastering Rust’s memory model, which has a learning curve.
ConcurrencyMulti-process (PHP-FPM), some extensions for async/threadsBuilt-in async/await, true parallelism with threads, compile-time data race prevention 52Rust can handle significantly more concurrent requests with lower resource usage per request on a single instance. Design for async is idiomatic.
Error HandlingExceptions (try-catch)Result<T, E> enum, panic!Rust forces more explicit and exhaustive error handling, potentially leading to more robust code. Different pattern than PHP exceptions.
Performance ProfileInterpreted, generally slower for CPU-bound tasks, GC overheadCompiled to native code, high performance, low-level control, “zero-cost abstractions” 4Significant potential for performance improvement (RPS, latency, resource use) in Rust.5 Requires idiomatic Rust to achieve.
Ecosystem for E-commerceVery mature (Symfony, Doctrine, numerous Sylius plugins, payment gateways)Growing, but fewer specialized e-commerce libraries/SDKs compared to PHP. Core needs well covered.May need custom development in Rust for specific integrations or advanced features that have ready-made PHP bundles/plugins. Core payment SDKs exist (e.g., for Stripe, Square).57
Learning Curve (for PHP Devs)Relatively shallow for web concepts if familiar with MVC.Steeper, especially due to ownership, borrowing, lifetimes, and different concurrency model.Requires significant learning investment for a PHP team to become proficient in Rust.
Development Velocity (Initial)Often faster for prototyping due to dynamic nature and vast library availability.Can be slower initially due to compiler strictness and learning curve.Long-term maintainability and refactorability are high in Rust due to static typing and safety.
Security (Memory Safety)Prone to certain types of memory errors if C extensions are used or in PHP core itself.Memory safe by design (prevents dangling pointers, buffer overflows at compile time).Rust eliminates a large class of security vulnerabilities related to memory management.
Tooling (Build, Test, Deploy)Mature (Composer, PHPUnit, Behat). Deployment via various methods (FTP, Capistrano, Docker).Mature (Cargo, built-in test runner, good Docker support). Compilation step is mandatory.Rust’s build system (Cargo) is excellent. Compilation adds a step but ensures many checks.

This comparison underscores that while porting to Rust offers substantial benefits in performance and reliability, it is a significant undertaking that requires careful planning, investment in learning, and a shift in development paradigms.

VIII. Detailed Recommendations and Strategic Roadmap

Based on the comprehensive analysis of the Sylius API and the considerations for porting its functionality to Rust, several strategic recommendations and a phased development plan emerge. The primary goal is to leverage Rust’s strengths in performance and reliability for e-commerce backend services, starting with a manageable Minimum Viable Product (MVP).

A. Feasibility Assessment for Porting Sylius API Functionality to Rust

Porting core Sylius API functionality to Rust is technically feasible and offers high potential for significant gains in performance, resource efficiency, and reliability. Rust’s memory safety without a garbage collector, its efficient concurrency model, and its compile-to-native-code nature are well-suited for the demands of a modern e-commerce backend.4 The Rust web ecosystem, with frameworks like Axum and Tokio, and libraries like sqlx and serde, provides a solid foundation for building such an API.48

However, this undertaking comes with significant development effort. The differences in language paradigms (static vs. dynamic typing, ownership vs. garbage collection), architectural patterns (composition over inheritance in Rust vs. PHP’s OO), and the existing library ecosystems are substantial. Replicating the full breadth and depth of Sylius’s features, including its extensive plugin system, complex promotion engine, multi-source inventory, and detailed administrative capabilities, would be a massive project.

Therefore, an MVP approach is crucial. The MVP defined in Section IV, focusing on core shop functionalities (product catalog, cart management, basic order placement, and authentication), is a realistic and achievable starting point. This allows for incremental development, learning, and validation of Rust’s suitability in this domain.

B. Phased Development Plan for the Rust MVP

A phased approach will mitigate risks and allow for iterative improvements:

This phased plan provides clear milestones and deliverables, allowing for continuous evaluation and adaptation.

C. Key Technical and Architectural Decisions to Prioritize

Early decisions in these areas will significantly shape the Rust project:

  1. Web Framework and Async Runtime: Confirm the choice of Axum with Tokio. Ensure the team is comfortable with Tower service concepts if Axum is chosen.
  2. Database Interaction Strategy: Firmly decide between sqlx (recommended for MVP) and diesel. If sharing a database with an existing Sylius instance is a long-term goal (not for MVP), plan for schema compatibility and potential migration complexities. For the MVP, a new, simplified schema designed for Rust’s data structures is preferable.
  3. Error Handling Philosophy: Establish a consistent approach to error handling. Define custom error enums using thiserror for different service layers and map these to appropriate HTTP status codes and response bodies in Axum handlers. Use anyhow for simpler error propagation where appropriate.
  4. State Management for Orders/Carts: For the MVP, simple string-based state fields (e.g., cart.checkout_state, order.order_state) managed within service logic are sufficient. For future expansion, consider if a more formal state machine crate or pattern is needed, akin to Sylius’s use of Winzou StateMachine or Symfony Workflow.
  5. Modularity vs. Monolith for MVP: Start with a single Rust service (monolith) for the MVP. This simplifies development, deployment, and testing. Microservices can be considered much later if the complexity and scale warrant it.
  6. API Design and Data Structures: While drawing inspiration from Sylius, design the Rust API and its DTOs to be idiomatic for Rust (e.g., using Option for nullable fields, Result<T, E> for fallible operations in service layers). Avoid trying to replicate PHP’s dynamic nature directly.
  7. Configuration Management: Set up the config crate early to handle database connection strings, JWT secrets, and other environment-specific settings.

D. Risk Mitigation Strategies

Addressing potential risks proactively is essential:

  1. Rust Learning Curve:
    • Mitigation: Allocate dedicated time for team members to learn Rust, focusing on ownership, borrowing, lifetimes, async/await, and the chosen web framework. Encourage pair programming and code reviews. Start with simpler API modules (e.g., read-only product catalog) before tackling more complex logic like cart and order state.
  2. Ecosystem Gaps for Advanced Features:
    • Mitigation: For features beyond the MVP (e.g., specific payment gateway integrations, complex shipping calculators), conduct early research into the availability and maturity of relevant Rust crates. Be prepared for the possibility of needing to write custom integrations or contribute to existing open-source crates.
  3. Scope Creep:
    • Mitigation: Strictly adhere to the defined MVP scope for the initial phases. Maintain a backlog for post-MVP features and prioritize them based on business value and technical feasibility. Use the phased development plan as a guide.
  4. Integration with Existing Systems (if applicable later):
    • Mitigation: If the Rust API needs to integrate with a legacy Sylius system or other services, define clear API contracts and data interchange formats early. Consider patterns like the API Gateway or Strangler Fig for phased integration.
  5. Testing Overhead:
    • Mitigation: Foster a strong testing culture from the project’s inception. Automate API integration tests and ensure critical business logic has unit test coverage. Draw inspiration from Sylius’s comprehensive testing approach.41
  6. Performance Bottlenecks:
    • Mitigation: While Rust is inherently performant, bottlenecks can still occur. Plan for regular performance testing and profiling (using tools like cargo flamegraph) once the MVP is functional, especially for critical path operations.

By adopting these recommendations and following a structured, phased approach, the development of a Sylius-like API MVP in Rust can be a successful endeavor, paving the way for highly performant and scalable e-commerce backend solutions. The journey requires a commitment to learning Rust’s unique paradigms but promises substantial rewards in terms of system efficiency and reliability.

IX. Conclusion

The Sylius API presents a robust, customizable, and developer-friendly interface for e-commerce operations, built upon the solid foundation of Symfony and API Platform.1 Its resource-oriented architecture, comprehensive feature set covering products, orders, customers, and more, along with its support for JSON-LD, make it a powerful tool for headless commerce.10 The platform’s commitment to quality is further evidenced by its extensive testing suite, incorporating BDD with Behat and unit/functional testing with PHPUnit.41

Porting core Sylius API functionality to Rust is a feasible, albeit challenging, endeavor with the potential for significant improvements in performance, resource utilization, and system reliability.4 The proposed Minimum Viable Product (MVP)—focusing on product catalog browsing, cart management, basic order placement, and customer authentication—offers a pragmatic starting point. Leveraging Rust’s strong type system, memory safety without a garbage collector, and efficient concurrency via frameworks like Axum and the Tokio runtime, can lead to a highly scalable and cost-effective backend.48 Essential Rust crates such as serde for data handling, sqlx for asynchronous database interaction, and jsonwebtoken for authentication provide the necessary building blocks.51

The transition from PHP to Rust necessitates careful consideration of fundamental language differences, particularly in memory management and concurrency paradigms.4 A phased development approach, coupled with a robust MVP test suite focusing on API integration tests, is recommended to manage complexity and mitigate risks associated with the learning curve and potential ecosystem gaps for highly specialized e-commerce functionalities. While a full 1:1 feature parity with Sylius is a monumental task, an MVP can effectively demonstrate the advantages of Rust for core e-commerce backend services, setting a strong foundation for future expansion and innovation. The strategic adoption of Rust for such systems promises a future of more efficient, resilient, and scalable online commerce platforms.

Works cited

  1. Sylius - Open Source Headless eCommerce Platform, accessed May 9, 2025, https://sylius.com/
  2. Sylius 2.0 Documentation | Sylius, accessed May 9, 2025, https://docs.sylius.com/
  3. Sylius - the open-source framework eCommerce - BitBag, accessed May 9, 2025, https://bitbag.io/ecommerce-technologies/sylius
  4. Translating C To Rust: Lessons from a User Study - Network and Distributed System Security (NDSS) Symposium, accessed May 9, 2025, https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2025-1407-paper.pdf
  5. Rust Vs Go Performance Benchmark | Restackio, accessed May 9, 2025, https://www.restack.io/p/rust-for-concurrent-programming-in-ai-answer-rust-vs-go-performance-benchmark-cat-ai
  6. Sustainable Cloud Computing Using Rust Language - DEV Community, accessed May 9, 2025, https://dev.to/rustoncloud/sustainable-cloud-computing-using-rust-language-4m82
  7. Architecture Overview | Sylius - Sylius 2.0 Documentation, accessed May 9, 2025, https://docs.sylius.com/the-book/architecture/architecture-overview
  8. Open Source Headless eCommerce Framework - Sylius, accessed May 9, 2025, https://sylius.com/tour/
  9. Backwards Compatibility Promise | Sylius - Sylius 2.0 Documentation, accessed May 9, 2025, https://docs.sylius.com/readme/organization/backwards-compatibility-promise
  10. Resource Layer | Sylius - Sylius 2.0 Documentation, accessed May 9, 2025, https://docs.sylius.com/the-book/architecture/resource-layer
  11. API Platform - Sylius, accessed May 9, 2025, https://b2b-suite.demo.sylius.com/api/v2
  12. Sylius API - Patch product with attribute (type select) - Stack Overflow, accessed May 9, 2025, https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79374844/sylius-api-patch-product-with-attribute-type-select
  13. Customizing the new Sylius & ApiPlatform integration - Locastic, accessed May 9, 2025, https://locastic.com/blog/customizing-the-new-sylius-apiplatform-integration
  14. Multi-Source Inventory - Sylius 2.0 Documentation, accessed May 9, 2025, https://docs.sylius.com/the-book/products/multi-source-inventory
  15. Inventory - Sylius 2.0 Documentation, accessed May 9, 2025, https://docs.sylius.com/the-book/products/inventory
  16. Using API | Sylius - Sylius 2.0 Documentation, accessed May 9, 2025, https://docs.sylius.com/getting-started-with-sylius/using-api
  17. Sylius/Customer: [READ-ONLY] Customers management component. - GitHub, accessed May 9, 2025, https://github.com/Sylius/Customer
  18. [API] How to get a collection of customers · Sylius Sylius · Discussion #14530 - GitHub, accessed May 9, 2025, https://github.com/Sylius/Sylius/discussions/14530
  19. Ability to retrieve Adjustments with an incremental integer ID in an API endpoint - GitHub, accessed May 9, 2025, https://github.com/Sylius/Sylius/security/advisories/GHSA-55rf-8q29-4g43
  20. Sylius has a security vulnerability via adjustments API endpoint · CVE-2024-40633 - GitHub, accessed May 9, 2025, https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-55rf-8q29-4g43
  21. Orders - Sylius 2.0 Documentation, accessed May 9, 2025, https://docs.sylius.com/the-book/carts-and-orders/orders
  22. Customizing API - Sylius 2.0 Documentation, accessed May 9, 2025, https://docs.sylius.com/the-customization-guide/customizing-api
  23. API Platform - Sylius, accessed May 9, 2025, https://v2.demo.sylius.com/api/v2/docs
  24. Sylius - Storyblok, accessed May 9, 2025, https://www.storyblok.com/apps/storyblok-gmbh@sylius-fieldtypes
  25. How To Install Sylius and Fetch Access Token For API? - Webkul Blog, accessed May 9, 2025, https://webkul.com/blog/how-to-install-sylius-and-fetch-access-token-for-api/
  26. Role-Based Access Control Module - Sylius, accessed May 9, 2025, https://sylius.com/blog/sylius-plus-module-overview-advanced-role-based-access-control-module/
  27. AdminUser - Sylius 2.0 Documentation, accessed May 9, 2025, https://docs.sylius.com/the-book/customers/adminuser
  28. Superdesk Web Publisher Documentation - Read the Docs, accessed May 9, 2025, https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/superdesk-publisher/stable/superdesk-publisher.pdf
  29. dunglas.dev, accessed May 9, 2025, https://dunglas.dev/2023/04/how-can-json-ld-help-you-sell-more/#:~:text=By%20default%2C%20all%20data%20exposed,Object%20Notation%20for%20Linked%20Data%E2%80%9D.
  30. How Can JSON-LD Help You Sell More? - Kévin Dunglas, accessed May 9, 2025, https://dunglas.dev/2023/04/how-can-json-ld-help-you-sell-more/
  31. Release Cycle | Sylius - Sylius 2.0 Documentation, accessed May 9, 2025, https://docs.sylius.com/readme/organization/release-cycle
  32. [BUG] Replacing an existing Api resource operation · Issue #6913 · api-platform/core, accessed May 9, 2025, https://github.com/api-platform/core/issues/6913
  33. Swagger (OpenAPI 2.0) Tutorial | SwaggerHub Documentation - SmartBear Support, accessed May 9, 2025, https://support.smartbear.com/swaggerhub/docs/en/get-started/openapi-2-0-tutorial.html
  34. OpenAPI Specification Support (formerly Swagger) - API Platform, accessed May 9, 2025, https://api-platform.com/docs/v2.5/core/swagger/
  35. [2.0][UI][Swagger] The URI variable slug not interpreted by Open API web interface - GitHub, accessed May 9, 2025, https://github.com/Sylius/Sylius/issues/17739
  36. open api generator swagger schema error · Issue #17742 - GitHub, accessed May 9, 2025, https://github.com/Sylius/Sylius/issues/17742
  37. How to convert OpenAPI 2.0 to OpenAPI 3.0? - Stack Overflow, accessed May 9, 2025, https://stackoverflow.com/questions/59749513/how-to-convert-openapi-2-0-to-openapi-3-0
  38. Getting a Collection of Resources | Sylius Stack, accessed May 9, 2025, https://stack.sylius.com/resource/index/index/index_resources
  39. Sylius/UPGRADE-API-2.0.md at 2.1 - GitHub, accessed May 9, 2025, https://github.com/Sylius/Sylius/blob/2.1/UPGRADE-API-2.0.md
  40. Sylius/CHANGELOG-2.0.md at 2.1 - GitHub, accessed May 9, 2025, https://github.com/Sylius/Sylius/blob/2.1/CHANGELOG-2.0.md
  41. Best practices for testing projects built on Sylius - BitBag, accessed May 9, 2025, https://bitbag.io/blog/testing-projects-built-on-sylius
  42. [API] Use Behat to test api · Issue #4020 · Sylius/Sylius - GitHub, accessed May 9, 2025, https://github.com/Sylius/Sylius/issues/4020
  43. Sylius/adr/2025_04_07_transition_from_phpspec_to_phpunit.md at 2.1 - GitHub, accessed May 9, 2025, https://github.com/Sylius/Sylius/blob/2.1/adr/2025_04_07_transition_from_phpspec_to_phpunit.md
  44. Multi-channel on same host with different path · Issue #5846 · Sylius/Sylius - GitHub, accessed May 9, 2025, https://github.com/Sylius/Sylius/issues/5846
  45. TDD your API with Symfony and PHPUnit - Lakion, accessed May 9, 2025, http://lakion.com/blog/tdd-your-api-with-symfony-and-phpunit
  46. Testing your Sylius application with Behat - Joppe De Cuyper, accessed May 9, 2025, https://joppe.dev/2024/03/25/testing-sylius-resources-with-behat/
  47. Use of `%kernel.project_dir%` in configuration file · Issue #377 · Sylius/ShopApiPlugin, accessed May 9, 2025, https://github.com/Sylius/ShopApiPlugin/issues/377
  48. The Best Rust Web Frameworks for Modern Development - Yalantis, accessed May 9, 2025, https://yalantis.com/blog/rust-web-frameworks/
  49. Actix Web, accessed May 9, 2025, https://actix.rs/
  50. Actix (Rust) vs Axum (Rust) vs Rocket (Rust): Performance Benchmark in Kubernetes #206 - YouTube, accessed May 9, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KA_w_jOGils
  51. satyambnsal/ecommerce-server-rust: Simple E-commerce server written in Rust (For learning purpose) - GitHub, accessed May 9, 2025, https://github.com/satyambnsal/ecommerce-server-rust
  52. Why this cpu usage always low for tokio, whenever how much threads is set, accessed May 9, 2025, https://users.rust-lang.org/t/why-this-cpu-usage-always-low-for-tokio-whenever-how-much-threads-is-set/91683
  53. Tutorial | Tokio - An asynchronous Rust runtime, accessed May 9, 2025, https://tokio.rs/tokio/tutorial
  54. Build Inventory Software [Rust / Cursive] - DEV Community, accessed May 9, 2025, https://dev.to/bekbrace/build-inventory-software-rust-cursive-5bc5
  55. Zero-Cost Abstractions in Rust: Myth or Reality? | Code by Zeba Academy, accessed May 9, 2025, https://code.zeba.academy/zero-cost-abstractions-rust-myth-reality/
  56. NPB-Rust: NAS Parallel Benchmarks in Rust - arXiv, accessed May 9, 2025, https://arxiv.org/html/2502.15536v1
  57. squareup - crates.io: Rust Package Registry, accessed May 9, 2025, https://crates.io/crates/squareup
  58. stripe-rust - crates.io: Rust Package Registry, accessed May 9, 2025, https://crates.io/crates/stripe-rust
  59. Using Stripe Payments with Rust - Shuttle.dev, accessed May 9, 2025, https://www.shuttle.dev/blog/2024/03/07/stripe-payments-rust
  60. wyyerd/stripe-rs: Rust API bindings for the Stripe HTTP API. - GitHub, accessed May 9, 2025, https://github.com/wyyerd/stripe-rs
  61. Stripe SDKs | Stripe Documentation, accessed May 9, 2025, https://docs.stripe.com/sdks
  62. accessed December 31, 1969, https://github.com/stripe/stripe-rust
  63. accessed December 31, 1969, https://github.com/stripe-rs/stripe-rust
  64. Production - Rust Programming Language, accessed May 9, 2025, https://www.rust-lang.org/production
  65. Build more climate-friendly data applications with Rust, accessed May 9, 2025, https://www.buoyantdata.com/blog/2025-04-22-rust-is-good-for-the-climate.html
  66. Ultimate Rust Performance Optimization Guide 2024: Basics to Advanced - Rapid Innovation, accessed May 9, 2025, https://www.rapidinnovation.io/post/performance-optimization-techniques-in-rust
  67. 10 Best Ways to Optimize Code Performance Using Rust’s Memory Management, accessed May 9, 2025, https://dev.to/chetanmittaldev/10-best-ways-to-optimize-code-performance-using-rusts-memory-management-33jl